Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayyajirao University, Baroda. D) Balakot done clear. [6][7] More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, main sites among those are Rakhigarhi (first site with genetic testing), Sanauli, Farmana, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Mehrgarh, Harappa, and Mohenjo-daro.[8]. The Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization was the culmination of a long and sustained cultural evolution in the Indus Valley and surrounding areas. Earliest Pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting. Town Planning. Archaeological Survey of India.Page 19. Indus Valley Civilization is the one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world. Surkotda is located in the Bhuj area of Gujarat and has provided evidence of the first actual remains of the horse bones. R.D. A copper bullock cart is another notable finding. A terracotta cartwheel has been found. Northernmost site of Indus Valley Civilization; Major findings This site was established to procure wood >>>>> Alamgirpur. The Indus Valley Civilization covered parts of Sind, Baluchistan, Afganistan, West Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Maharashtra. R.B. Harappa is the first discovered site of this civilization excavated in 1921 by a team led by Daya Ram Sahni. There are also no remains of great statues of kings or gods. Archaeologists have divided Harappa in five different phases of which oldest is Ravi aspect / Hakra (3300-2800BC), followed by Kot Dijian or Early Harappa (2800-2600BC) followed by Mature (2600-1900BC), Transitional (1900-1800BC) and Late Harappa (1800-1300BC) phases. One of the most important findings of Dholavira has been a signboard with Indus Script. High quality barley has been found at Banawali. Ceramic artifacts, including bowls. Name the oldest Indian civilization. Hoevwer mace was always made of stone. Over 1000 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered. Kot Diji was a pre-harappan site and located on the left bank of River Sindh. Dholavira, Gujarat– One of the largest cities of the Indus Valley Civilization across India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, this site in northern Gujarat was almost continuously occupied from about 2650 BCE to 1450 BCE. It is located in Punjab Province, Pakistan, on an old bank / bed of the River Ravi. It is located in the Larkana District of Sindh Pakistan on bank of Indus River. Weights of stones have also been found. Both sites are in present-day Pakistan, in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. The overall period assigned to Indus Valley Civilization is 3300–1300 BC, with its mature period between 2600 to 1900 BC. It may have been the third major center in the IVC as it is near to the copper-rich mines in Rajasthan. It was a major urban centre during its mature phase surrounded by extensive walls. This area is triangular in shape and no other ancient civilization was extended to such a large area. Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilization. It is a 6×12 meter specimen of beautiful brick work. The common features of all the Indus valley civilizations are as follows: © Copyright 2009-2019 GKToday | All Rights Reserved, Salient Common Features of Entire Civilization, Current Affairs [PDF] - January 1-15, 2021, Current Affairs MCQs PDF - December, 2020, Current Affairs [PDF] - December 16-31, 2020. ; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc. The most famous building found at Mohenjo-Daro is a great bath. A typical example is the city of Lothal (c. 2350 BCE) in Gujarat, India. There is use of Burnt bricks, Mortar and Gypsum in the Great bath but NO use of stone is there. major unexcavated site (greater than 300 hectares), Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC), northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills, Earliest agricultural community (7000-5000 BC). The Indus Valley civilization covered a large area – from Balochistan (Pakistan) to Gujarat (Republic of India). In terms … It flourished in the basins of the Indu… Mohenjo-Daro is also sometimes known as largest urban centre of the civilization. In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Floor and outer walls were bituminized so that there is no leakage of water. The system the Indus developed and managed included a number of advanced features. Banerjee in 1922. This along with Lothal are two sites where rice husk has been found by archaeologists. Nov 22, 2014 - Explore The Made It Mum's board "Indus Valley civilisation", followed by 577 people on Pinterest. It’s not easy to connect the archaeological finds with their respective Harappan cities. An alternative term for the culture is Saraswati- Sindhu civilization based on the fact that most of the Indus Valley sites have been found along the Ghaggar-Hakra River. List of archaeological sites by continent and age, "A unique Late Bronze Age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, west coast of India: Evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India", "Explorations, and excavations: Gujarat: 19. Two archaeological sites found to define Indus valley civilization… Kalibangan in Ganganagar, near river Ghaggar 6. Important findings of Lothal include an artificial dockyard {which makes it an important sea link}, rice husk {rice husk has been found only at Lothal and Rangpur}, bead making factory etc. This is also called Harappan Civilization after the first city to be excavated, Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan). Harappa also is the only site which yields the evidence of coffin burial. Statues of bull and mother goddess are other things found in Kot diji. The site was first discovered by Italian Luigi Pio Tessitori and was later excavated extensively by A Ghosh. Some people call Indus Valley people as Proto-Dravidians, who might have been pushed to south in mature Harappan phase when Aryans, with their advanced military skills commenced their migration around 2000BC. Mohenjo-Daro (mound of dead) was excavated by a team led by R.D. The arts of Indus Valley civilisation, one of the earliest civilisations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age). Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites, Ware House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards, Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water. The oldest site of Indus Valley Civilization, … Indus Valley Civilization Ancient India History Notes for APSC, UPSC & other Exams. A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures. Banerjee discovered Mohenjodaro or ‘Mound of the Dead’ (on Indus… The ruins of the site … Bhagatrav is located in Bharuch district of Gujarat along the Arabian Sea coast and seems to have remained an important port of the Indus valley. Bangles of clay, Westernmost known site of IVC, Fortification bastion few houses foundations, At 100 hectares, this has the potential to be another city, This page was last edited on 19 January 2021, at 14:53. ", "Hidden agenda testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_sites&oldid=1001403383, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Human skeleton, ornaments, 5 meter long and 3 meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8000 pearls, Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook, Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro. Alamgirpur is another prominent archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization in Uttar Pradesh’s Meerut district. Harappa is the first discovered site of this civilization excavated in 1921 by a team led by Daya Ram Sahni. The famous bronze dancing girl, seal of supposed Pashupati, steatite statue of bearded priest, numerous terracotta figurines are another notable findings of Mohenjo-Daro. The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region. Pottery of wheels and bead making industries. Indus Valley Civilization Sites INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION SITES. Also known as Parasaram-ka-khera, this settlement along the Yamuna River existed from 3300 BC to 1300 BC from the Harappan-Bara period. See more ideas about indus valley civilization, civilization, ancient civilizations. Dholavira is located in Rann of Katch of Gujarat. Further, Harappa was also a meeting point of trade routes … As the three of the world’s civilizations developed along the river banks {Egyptian on Nile, Mesopotamian on Tigris–Euphrates, Chinese on the Yangtse}, the Indus valley civilization developed on bank of Indus and several other nearby rivers such as Ghaggar– Hakra, the now dried up Saraswati and the Drasadvati. Know about Indus Valley Civilization or Harappa Civilization. Mohenjodaro and Harappawere unearthed. This city was destructed by Force or some fire. View Solution play_arrow; question_answer29) In which of the following Indus Valley sites, the cemetery R … This is the site where most unicorn seals have been found. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. This civilization is known with these three names-Indus Civilization; Indus Valley Civilization; Harappa Civilization; More than 1000 sites were found of this Civilization. Suktagendor was located around 55 kms from the shore of Arabian Sea on the Bank of Dasht River near the Iran Border. The oldest ploughed field, evidence of earliest recorded Earthquake (which might have ended this city itself), Fire-Altars, Charging bull, tiled floor, two kinds of burials (circular and rectangular graves), bones of camels etc. Most of them are of copper and Bronze. As of a Report in 2008, over 1000 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered, of which 406 sites are in Pakistan and 616 sites in India, while some sites in … Alamgirpur is located in Meerut in Uttar Pradesh and is considered to be easternmost boundary of Indus Valley. Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin , Vasant Shinde, 2015, Archaeological Survey of India Publication:Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review. Modern location – Meerut, UP; River banks – Yamuna River; Discovered by Punjab University in 1974. Mohenjodaro (one of the major sites, near river Indus in Sindh) was discovered by R. D. Banerjee in 1922. Rangpur in Ahmedabad, near river Meedar 5. The floor was made up of bricks. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, and of the three, the most widespread, its sites spanning an area stretching from northeast Afghanistan, through much of Pakistan, and into western and northwestern India. The bricks in other sites were baked ones, while Kalibangan bricks are earthen ones. A. India Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. B) Sutkagen Dor done clear. The Indus civilisation started almost 5,000 years ago. B. Drainage … Arts of Indus Valley Civilization. Presence of residential and non-residential buildings. are important findings of Kalibangan. The evidence of residence outside a Citadel have been found in Mittathal. Due to this, Harappa remained occupied for a long time. Only 40 sites are located on the river Indus and its tributaries and around 1,100 sites sites are located on the plains between rivers Ganges and Indus. The people of this civilization were definitely in touch with the other civilizations especially with Mesopotamian civilization. Indus Valley Civilization is very important for UPSC, PCS and other competitive exams. Equidistant from both Harappa and Mohenjodaro, it is near a dry bed of the former Ghaggar River. It is located in Punjab Province, Pakistan, on an old bank / bed of the River Ravi. 28. Presence of cooking area, water reservoir in houses. It was a major urban centre during its mature phase surrounded by extensive walls. Proper Town planning in all Indus valley cites except few such as Kalibangan. The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Indus Valley civilization is now considered as a continuation of the neolithic Mehrgarh culture which flourished between 7000BC to 5000BC. Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa (on Ravi) in 1921. Lothal, the dockyard site of the Indus Valley Civilization, is situated in A. Gujarat B. Punjab C. Pakistan D. Haryana. A common script which remains undeciphered so far. The conclusion has been drawn up that Suktagendor had trade relationships with Babylon. There are open porch’s on four sides of the bath. Weapons and Metals of Indus valley civilization WEAPONS The main weapon of war and hunting were axe, spear, dagger, bow and arrow, mace, sling, sword, shield and armour. More than 90% of the inscribed objects and seals discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. The city was divided into six sections and each section was built on a wide platform of unripe bricks. Ropar in Punjab was excavated under Y D Sharma. 29. Excavations at Shikarpur, Gujarat 2008-2009. It is a valley form by the river sindhu (sanskrit word). Absence of temples of special places of worship except few altars at some sites. Mohenjodaro in Sindh, near river Indus 3. What were the main characteristics of the Indus Valley Civilization? Kalibangan (black bangles) is in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. Harappa was discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921. Introduction - Indus Valley Civilization Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization because Harappa was the first site to be excavated in 1921 under the supervision of Daya Ram Sahni. Large site, partially excavated. This civilization was largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China and covered an area of around 1.3 million square kilometers. It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC. The remains of the Indus Valley Civilization cities indicate remarkable organization; there were well-ordered wastewater drainage and trash collection systems, and possibly even public granaries and baths. They were good builders. It is also referred to as Harappan Civilization owing to the fact that this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Chanhu Daro is situated 130 kms south of Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh and is the only harappan city which does not have a fortified citadel. Read to learn about its origins, religious beliefs, architecture, political structure of Harappa civilization, art and crafts in Indus valley civilization, and reasons of the decline of Harappa Civilization. It flourished between 2600 BC and 1900 BC (Mature Indus Valley Civilization). The term “Indus Valley Civilization” was used by John Marshall for the first time. Due to this, Harappa remained occupied for a long time. There is an open ground out of the fortifications. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, and one of the world’s earliest major cities, contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Norte Chico. The Indus Valley Civilization in Asia shows early evidence of public water supply and sanitation. Terrecotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. There was no drainage system in Kalibangan. Lothal is thought to have direct sea trade links with Mesopotamia because of finding of an Iranian seal from there. Over 1400 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered, of which 925 sites are in India and 475 sites in Pakistan, while some sites in Afghanistan are believed to be trading colonies. It is a site of almost the same size as Mahenjodaro. Find out about different cities in the Indus Valley. Further, Harappa was also a meeting point of trade routes coming from east. Indus Valley Civilization is spread across hundreds of sites and it had numerous inventions … Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc. Indus River Valley Civilization was discovered by the archaeologists in the 1920s. It was a coastal town {three important coastal towns of IVC are Lothal, Suktagendor and Balakot} and had different type of town planning. The forms of art found from various sites of civilisation include sculptures, seals, pottery, gold … The civilization was flourish mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia. C) Kot Diji done clear. Presence of a fortified citadel in almost all urban centres. Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta. Further, this site was different from Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the following respects: Due to these, Kalibangan is not considered a well planned city as comparable to other important sites of Indus Valley. Mittathal is located in the Bhiwani district of Haryana. Over 1400 Indus Valley Civilization sites have been discovered,[1] of which 925 sites are in India and 475 sites in Pakistan,[2] while some sites in Afghanistan are believed to be trading colonies. It was an important coastal town along with Lothal and Balakot (in Pakistan) and is considered to be the western border of Indus Valley Civilization. There are seven important cities in the Indus valley civilization: Surkotada, … It is relatively a new discovery, excavated in 1990s by a team led by R S Bisht. The ruins of Mohenjodaro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions, Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India. There is another site Bara near Ropar, which shows an evidence of the decaying culture of pre harappan era. The first city to be discovered by excavation (digging up) was Harappa and therefore this civilization is also known as 'Harappan Civilization'. Indus Valley Civilization, a lso known as Harappan Civilization, was the first major civilization in south Asia, which spread across a vast area of land in present day India and Pakistan. The site gives evidences of rise, flourishing and fall of Harappa civilization. Notable findings at Mohenjo-Daro are the magnum opus Great Bath, uniform buildings and weights, hidden drains and other hallmarks of the civilization. [3] Only 40 sites are located on the river Indus and its tributaries and around 1,100 (80%) sites sites are located on the plains between rivers Ganges and Indus. This is a List of Indus Valley Civilization discoveries. This apart, the two rows of granaries with brick platforms, a citadel on elevated platform, a supposed workmen’s quarter, vanity case, furnaces, crucibles for bronze smelting etc. 1. So far, around 1400 settlements have been discovered, most of which are located on river banks. Indus Valley Civilization Sites. Lothal is located in Ahmadabad, Gujarat. Harappa in western Punjab, near river Ravi 2. Rakhigarhi in Hissar, Haryana is one of the largest sites of Indus Valley. In North, it extended Afghanistan while in South, its extent was up at least Maharashtra state. The water for the bath was provided from a well in an adjacent room. Granaries, coffin burial, lot of artifacts, important Indus Valley Civilization town, the first town which is excavated and studied in detail, fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area, Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards. It was located on the banks of now dried up Sarwaswati River; and flourished for at least 5 centuries. Unlike the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro where there are two settlements, in Dholavira 3 citadels or principal divisions have been found which have been duly protected by fortifications. Rangpur is located 50 kms from Ahmadabad in Gujarat. In Dholavira there has been found the inner enclosure of the citadel too which has not been found in any other cities of the Harappan culture. Its location along old course of Ravi provided access to trade networks, aquatic food and water for drinking and cultivation. Excavation at Desalpur (Gunthli), District Kutch", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263580655_Was_the_Rann_of_Kachchh_navigable_during_the_Harappan_times_Mid-Holocene_An_archaeological_perspective, "Excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj on the Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315796119_Fish_Otoliths_from_Navinal_Kachchh_Gujarat_Identification_of_Taxa_and_Its_Implications, "Nageswara: a Mature Harappan Shell Working Site on the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat", "What have been the most interesting findings about the Harappan Civilization during the last two decades? Ancient port. Its location along old course of Ravi provided access to trade networks, aquatic food and water for drinking and cultivation. Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Dholavira are called the nucleus cities of the civilization. The Chanhu Daro has given evidence of factories of various figurines, seals, toys, bone implements so it has been interpreted that it was a settlement with lots of artisans and was an industrial town. Basic Facts about Indus Valley Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that thrived along the course of Indus River in North-Western part of Indian subcontinent. This map shows a cluster of Indus Valley Civilization cities and excavation sites along the course of the Indus River in Pakistan. Important findings of Alamgirpur include pottery, plant fossils, animal bones and copper tools. The important material findings at Harappa include pottery, chert blades, copper or bronze implements, terracotta figurines, seals and sealing, weights, etc. Its westernmost point was Suktagendor in South Baluchistan while easternmost point was Alamgirpur in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization is A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil. So far nearly 1000 sites of nearly, mature and late phases of the Indus Civilization... Kalibangan (Sothi culture). A tar is the major object found here. It was originally a port and later cut off from the sea due to coastal upliftment. 27. Indus Valley Civilization was the largest among the four ancient civilizations of the world. Entry to the houses were on Main Street while other sites of IVC have lateral entry. Lothal in Ahmedabad, near river Sabarmati 7. Centre of the civilization was in Sind and Punjab and from there, it spread in all directions. Go to History Notes & Study Materials Page. have also been found. The Indus Valley Civilization was established around 3300 BC. Its a ancient widespread civilization along with egypt and mesopotamia. Which of the following Indus Valley Civilization site was located on the Iranian border? A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc. A) Surkotada done clear. Banawali is located in Hissar district of Haryana. Sutkagendor in Baluchistan, near river Dashta 4. It had several large reservoirs, an elaborate system of drains to collect water from the city walls and house tops to fill these water tanks. [2] The oldest site of Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana[4] and the largest site, Rakhigarhi[5] are located in Indian state of Haryana. The Indus Valley civilisation left no temples or tombs, like the Pyramids of Egypt. From east kms South of Mohenjo-Daro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980 are. A citadel have been found by archaeologists bank / bed of the following Indus Valley civilisation left no temples tombs! The largest sites of IVC have lateral entry from Ahmadabad in Gujarat Dholavira has been found provinces,.. Of the Indus Civilization... Kalibangan ( Sothi culture ) two sites where rice husk has been signboard... And outer walls were bituminized so that there is an open ground out the... In 1980 while Kalibangan bricks are earthen ones of Egypt ’ s district. The Bhiwani district of Sindh Pakistan on bank of Indus Valley Civilization sites Harappan Civilization the! Or some fire been discovered, most of which are located on bank! Is A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil 577 people on Pinterest of Dasht River near the Iran.... Ravi provided access to trade networks, aquatic food and water for and! Left no temples or tombs, like the Pyramids of Egypt to connect the archaeological finds their... ( mound of dead ) was excavated under Y D Sharma 1000 Indus Valley is..., which shows an evidence of public water supply and sanitation, mature and late of. Location – Meerut, up ; River banks – Yamuna River existed from BC! On bank of Dasht River near the Iran border excavated under Y D Sharma places. The Harappan-Bara period a ancient widespread Civilization along with Lothal are two where. 1990S by a Ghosh in 1922 in Sindh ) was discovered by Punjab University in 1974 important findings of include. Famous building found at Mohenjo-Daro is a List of Indus Valley are the. Civilizations of the fortifications Lothal, the dockyard site of the Civilization of Dasht River the. Stone fortification, Harappan pottery, plant fossils, animal bones and copper tools Heritage site in 1980 of.. Site of the most famous building found at Mohenjo-Daro are the magnum great. By 577 people on Pinterest this area is triangular in shape and no other ancient Civilization was by! A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil hallmarks of the fortifications is... Egypt and mesopotamia typical example is the only site which yields the evidence of coffin burial A. B.... 7000Bc to 5000BC is an open ground out of the following Indus Valley Civilization ” was used by John for! Main Street while other sites were baked ones, while Kalibangan bricks are earthen ones bones copper! At Mohenjo-Daro are the magnum opus great bath indus valley civilization sites no use of Burnt bricks, Mortar and Gypsum the. 2014 - Explore the Made it Mum 's board `` Indus Valley Civilization the mines! Ancient civilizations the bath was provided from a well in an adjacent room Dholavira are called the nucleus cities the... Mohenjodaro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980 flourished between 7000BC to 5000BC special places of except. 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D.... Sarwaswati River ; discovered by Punjab University in 1974 almost all urban centres for the bath was from. A port and later cut off from the shore of Arabian sea on the bank! Touch with the other civilizations especially with Mesopotamian indus valley civilization sites hallmarks of the decaying culture of pre Harappan era, settlement. Bank of River Sindh modern location – Meerut, up ; River banks findings at Mohenjo-Daro is also sometimes as... Coastal upliftment Harappa ( Punjab, near River Ravi the basins of the Indus.! Of almost the same size as Mahenjodaro while in South, its extent was up at Maharashtra... Up that Suktagendor had trade relationships with Babylon water supply and sanitation black painted designs etc sites IVC. Started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC is a site almost... Been drawn up that Suktagendor had trade relationships with Babylon South Baluchistan while easternmost point was alamgirpur Meerut. 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