Either way, you are back in control again and your stream will not terminate instantly when a possible RuntimeException occurs. Anyway, in both cases, if you use the Try or the Either, you solve the initial problem of exception handling and do not let your stream terminate because of a RuntimeException. Take this example. Let’s start with an initial solution below and iteratively improve on it. The if-else condition can be applied using the lambda expressions in stream filter() function.. 1. Using Streams with Exceptions. Dzięki temu przetwarzanie dużych zbiorów danych może być dużo szybsze. The output shows that now the date 01-01-2015 is also successfully converted. Str… This simply means that we have taken back control. Lets take a simple example first and then we will see the examples of stream filter with other methods of the stream. Basically Try is a monadic container type which represents a computation that may either result in an exception, or return a successfully computed value. I personally like the flexibility of the Either type more. Now, you are ready to write your own general utility function that accepts a CheckedFunction as you just described in the interface.You can handle the try-catch in this utility function and wrap the original exception into a RuntimeException (or some other unchecked variant). What Java 8 streams give us is the same, but lazily evaluated, which means that when binding a function to a stream, no iteration is involved! Java 8 stream – if-else logic. I can imagine, however, that direct termination is not ideal in many situations. Better solution with Javaslang’s Try Monad. I can relate a bit to this practice because I personally do not see much value in checked exceptions in general, but that is a whole other discussion that I am not going to start here. The Java forEach() method is a utility function to iterate over a collection such as (list, set or map) and stream.It is used to perform a given action on each the element of the collection. When working with streams, we probably don't want to stop processing the stream if an exception occurs. Now, after a few years of working with these code constructions, one of the bigger issues that remain is how to deal with checked exceptions inside a lambda. As you all probably know, it is not possible to call a method that throws a checked exception from a lambda directly. Huh, If a date string is invalid, this fails at the first DateTimeParseException without continuing with valid dates. Exceptional Exception Handling in JDK 8 Streams Although exceptions can be awkward in streams, using an approach like this can at least provide a way of using methods that throw exceptions … Strumienie służą do przetwarzania danych. In this case, I used the  Optional type when we try to get the left or the right because we: You can now make your own functions return an Either instead of throwing an  Exception. A better and more readable way to solve this problem is to wrap the call in a plain old method that does the try-catch and call that method from within your lambda. Both left and right can be of any types. In particular, the check should not occur before the stream is … Basically, I'm looking for something equivalent to the code below, but without materializing the stream in-between. So, what happens when an exception-throwing method is called in a lambda? This gives us the opportunity to do more than just wrapping the Exception into the left part of an Either. By using the ability of the Either to hold anything, we can store both the exception and the value inside a left. If you want to wrap every call in a lambda that has a checked into a, Now, you are ready to write your own general utility function that accepts a, The Either type is a common type in functional languages and not (yet) part of Java. Stream mapToInt(ToIntFunction mapper) returns an IntStream consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream. You can also filter the right instances and simply ignore the exceptional cases. Java 8 … Streams filter() and collect() 1.1 Before Java 8, filter … If we need to do more than a single line, we can extract the function body into a separate method and simply call the new method. Let's consider it both as data, continuing to process the stream, and decide afterward what to do with it. The stream() method (a new default method added to the Collection interface) converts the collection into a Stream<… Suppose you want to get only even elements of your list then you can do this easily with the help of filter method. This will skip errors and converts all the valid dates. These operations are always lazy i.e, executing an intermediate operation such as filter() does not actually perform any filtering, but instead creates a new stream that, when traversed, contains the elements of the initial stream that match the given predicate. Only this time, you need to define that the function may throw an exception. On the other hand, you can also take a look at functional libraries that are available. By using the filter function in the Stream APU, we can simply filter out the left instances and, for example, log them. Syntax Aggregate runtime exceptions in Java 8 streams (3) Here's a variation on the theme of mapping-to-exceptions. Want to become a Happy and Productive Programmer? – Kaushali de Silva Dec 16 '16 at 7:51 No reason you couldn't throw an extension of RuntimeException , which is what I … By using the filter function in the Stream APU, we can simply filter out the left instances and, for example, log them. The problem with these methods is that they throw exceptions when they argument are null or contain null values. It can either be a Left or a Right but never both. So Try Monad can be used to elegantly deal with exceptions and fail fast on errors. However, the Functional Interfacesprovided by the JDK don't deal with exceptions very well – and the code becomes verbose and cumbersome when it comes to handling them. This is great improvement, but the exception has to be handled within parseDate method and can’t be passed back to main method to deal with it. In some way, we need to catch the exception to make the code compile. How to Embed Code in your Medium blog or on any Website. In this article, we'll explore some ways to deal with exceptions when writing lambda expressions. Marketing Blog. In this post, I will provide tips for better exception handling in Java 8 streams using Functional Java library Javaslang. But that might not do what you really meant and subtle bugs can ensue. However, you have ask yourself the question of whether you want this large library as a dependency just for exception handling when you can implement it yourself with just a few lines of code. Normally, we'd add throws URISyntaxException to our method signature and move on, but that won't help us since Optional.map can't throw (or propagate) checked exceptions.This leaves us with the following choices: … We can do that, but to make it possible, we need to introduce a new type — the Either type. Actually, it creates a new stream using the provided predicate. Similar to the Optional type in Java, an Either is a generic wrapper with two possibilities. * Returns Try of LocalDate representing valid LocalDate or Throwable in case of invalid value. The filter() is an intermediate operation that reads the data from a stream and returns a new stream after transforming the data based on the given condition. Naturally, we can do a simple try-catch inside the lambda and wrap the exception into a, This solution is at least a bit more readable and we do separate our concerns. ! * Returns Try of LocalDate representing valid LocalDate or Throwable in case of invalid value. In this tutorial, we will show you few Java 8 examples to demonstrate the use of Streams filter(), collect(), findAny() and orElse(). Therefore, we have to add a tiny utility function to the Either type I described above. Learn to apply if-else logic in a Java 8 stream of elements to filter elements based on certain condition. Most of us are aware that block lambdas are clunky and less readable. We can’t make parseDate method throw checked exception as Streams API doesn’t play well with methods that throw exceptions.. Use these 5 techniques from Psychology. In this quick tutorial, we’ll explore the use of the Stream.filter() method when we work with Streams in Java. Otherwise, it will throw the exception created by the Supplier. Zawierają1dane i pozwalają na opisanie co chcesz zrobić tymi danymi. When the  Either is a right, we know that the function was applied correctly and we can extract the result. In many cases, you will see that people use these kinds of solutions to repack the exception into a RuntimeException or a more specific implementation of an unchecked Exception. Let's turn our way of thinking around. What happens if Example.duplicatesShortStrings throws a checked exception? The code will be something like this – I cannot say I like it but it works. To do so, you first need to write your own version of the functional interface for a function. Drop me your questions in comments. In particular, the check should not occur before the stream is … */, /** Example 1. Javaslang is a functional library for Java 8+. The Stream API and lambda’s where a big improvement in Java since version 8. By doing so, the method can be called inside a lambda and be used in higher order functions. of Methods. For instance, if we have an Either value, this value can either hold something of type String or of type Integer, Either. How to Easily Add Icons to your Notion Notes? This solution is at least a bit more readable and we do separate our concerns. With the use of the liftWithValue, you now have all the flexibility and control to use methods that may throw an  Exception inside a lambda. By adding this static lift method to the Either, we can now simply "lift" a function that throws a checked exception and let it return an Either. To avoid rewriting the same code over and over again, why not abstract it into a utility function? 1. * Returns Optional of LocalDate if it is valid, otherwise Optional.empty But that might not do what you really meant and subtle bugs can ensue. With a simple static import, you can now wrap the lambda that may throw an exception with your brand new utility function. If your stream contains a very large amount of items that need to be processed, do you want that stream to terminate when for instance the second item throws an exception? If you really want to catch the exception and do something specific and not simply wrap the exception into a RuntimeException, this can be a possible and readable solution for you. Here we have used Stream’s filter method to filter list and then collect the result to another list with Collectors.toList().. Java 8 filter,findAny or orElse method. Anyway, it is just a type that can hold two values. The class Exception and its subclasses are a form of Throwable that indicates conditions that a reasonable application might want to catch.. Start with your existing doStuff method. Mapping a list to Map Java 8 stream and groupingBy. Signature Java 8's new Stream API, being FP-inspired, doesn't play with exceptions very well. I can relate a bit to this practice because I personally do not see much value in checked exceptions in general, but that is a whole other discussion that I am not going to start here. In some way, we need to catch the exception to make the code compile. */, //Try recovering with alternate formatter. The Stream interface has the following two methods in Java 8. By using the Either type instead of wrapping the checked  Exception into a  RuntimeException, we prevent the Stream from terminating halfway. In next article , I will post how Validation control applicative functor can be used to fail slow and accumulate errors. Because Either is a generic wrapper, it can be used for any type, not just for exception handling. You can remember this by thinking of the right as not only the right-hand side but also as a synonym for “good,” “ok,” etc. How can I check if a Stream is empty and throw an exception if it's not, as a non-terminal operation?. Happy Learning ! Try also has API’s to implement a recovery logic or return default value in case of error. If we take the original problem, we now end up with a Stream of Eithers instead of a possible RuntimeException that may blow up my entire Stream. It has, again, two cases: “success” or “failure.” The failure can only hold the type Exception, while the success can hold anything type you want. This method takes predicate as an argument and returns a stream of consisting of resulted elements. If you enjoyed this article and want to learn more about Java Streams, check out this collection of tutorials and articles on all things Java Streams. Java 8 Stream.filter() example. From this point on, everything will work again. Both the Either and the  Try are very easy to implement yourself. A stream is a sequence of objects that supports various methods which can be pipelined to produce the desired result. Java Stream Filter. The idea is that the collector has to be able to control when the exception-throwing function is called in order to catch exceptions and process them, so the call has to be delayed. Some people are convinced that it is easier to use, but I think that because we can only hold the Exception itself in the failure part, we have the same problem as explained in the first part of the Either section. Using the streams api can become painful when you wish to use methods that throw exceptions as maps or filters. If we use this principle for exception handling, we can say that our Either  type holds either an  Exception or a value. 2. The given below example, filters all the employees with salary above 10000 rupees. Javaslang is a functional library for Java 8+. Naturally, we can do a simple try-catch inside the lambda and wrap the exception into a RuntimeException, as shown in the first example, but I think we can all agree that this is not the best way to go. This way, you only have to write it once and call it every time you need it. Java 8 – The Problem With Stream. To illustrate with an example, let’s say we want to print day of the week for given stream date strings in format MM/dd/YYYY. This is great improvement, but the exception has to be handled within parseDate method and can’t be passed back to main method to deal with it. If that is no problem for you, then go for it. People that may have worked with for instance Scala may use the  Try instead of the Either for exception handling. You see that in this liftWithValue function within the Pair type is used to pair both the exception and the original value into the left of an Either. As you all probably know, it is not possible to call a method that throws a checked exception from a lambda directly. But that doesn't help you if you want to use existing methods that throw a checked  Exception inside a lambda right? Basically, I'm looking for something equivalent to the code below, but without materializing the stream in-between. If you prefer to use this method, I urge you to create a simple wrapper tool and reuse it, so you are not bothered by the try/catch every time. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use stream filter and how to handle an exception in the filter with different examples. Now, we have all the information we possibly need if something goes wrong, instead of only having the Exception. The forEach() method has been added in following places:. 1. To do so, we simply make a second static lift function like this. Either way, you are back in control again and your stream will not terminate instantly when a possible, People that may have worked with for instance Scala may use the, Some people are convinced that it is easier to use, but I think that because we can only hold the, When you want to use a method that throws a, If you want to have more control, you can use the, this collection of tutorials and articles, Developer The  Try type is something that is very similar to the  Either type. Below, you will see a basic implementation of the Either type. * Converts given date string in format "MM/dd/yyyy" to LocalDate. Stream.filter() method returns a stream consisting of the elements of this stream that match the given predicate. We will use Try object from Javaslang which can be either a instance of Success or Failure. How can I check if a Stream is empty and throw an exception if it's not, as a non-terminal operation?. Introduced in Java 8, the Stream API is used to process collections of objects. You can also filter the right instances and simply ignore the exceptional cases. */, /** Stream.filter() method can filter out the stream elements based on a predicate. 1. introduction In this tutorial, We'll learn how to throw an exception if the option is empty.Optional API orElseThrow() method returns value from Optional if present. Wrapping it into a RuntimeException can be a solution to make it work. In this tutorial, we learned to find max value or min value from a stream of primitive values using Java 8 lambda expression. Over a million developers have joined DZone. In Java 8, Lambda Expressions started to facilitate functional programming by providing a concise way to express behavior. Since System.getenv can return null, we'll use Optional to convert the nullable return value into a URI: Ah, good old URISyntaxException. If, on the other hand, the Either is a left, we know something went wrong and we can extract both the Exception and the original value, so we can proceed as we like. Passing A null Array Reference But is it good to throw generic exceptions instead of throwing dedicated exception? Below example shows how we can easily implement recovery logic. The issue we now might have is that if the  Either only holds the wrapped exception, and we cannot do a retry because we lost the original value. We also learned to find max object by object property from stream of objects. The 'if-else' condition can be put as a lambda expression in stream.forEach() function in form of a Consumer action.. By convenience, normally, the left is the Exception and the right is the successful value. In my last blog entry, I used a small piece of code I was working on to demonstrate how pre-JDK 8 code using external iteration could be converted to use streams with a powerful standard collector. If you want to wrap every call in a lambda that has a c… We can refactor parseDate to return Optional to make it discard invalids and continue processing valid dates. Imagine you have a collection of integers, and you want to divide each of them by a constant. This tutorial will provide exercises from traditional, imperative-style code to functional-style code in Java 8, continuously aiming to create cleaner code. A scaling operation like that can be expressed using a stream as in Example 1. Consider the following sample codes. After filtering a Java 8 Stream it is common to use findFirst or findAny to get the element that survived the filter. It takes one predicate as the argument and returns one new stream. I do advise you to take a look at it because it holds a lot more than only these two types. Why not consider "the exceptional situation" just as much as a possible result as we would for a "successful" result. W strumień możesz opakować praktycznie dowolny zestaw danych. For instance, VAVR (formerly known as Javaslang) does have implementations for both types and helper functions available. Strumienie pozwalają w łatwy sposób zrównoleglić pracę na danych. Intermediate operations are invoked on a Stream instance and after they finish their processing, they give a Stream instance as output. Choose for yourself if that is worth the effort for this single utility. Stream mapToInt(ToIntFunction mapper) is an intermediate operation.These operations are always lazy. Opinions expressed by DZone contributors are their own. Now the exception is passed back to main to deal with it. A lambda expression that may throw an unchecked exception The scale method takes a List of integers and a factor to scale by. They should be avoided as much as possible, in my opinion. Dane mogą być przechowywane w kolekcji, mogą być wynikiem pracy z wyrażeniami regularnymi. */, /** In addition to Stream, which is a stream of object references, there are primitive specializations for IntStream, LongStream, and DoubleStream, all of which are referred to as \"streams\" and conform to the characteristics and restrictions described here. /** If you really want to catch the exception and do something specific and not simply wrap the exception into a, In many cases, you will see that people use these kinds of solutions to repack the exception into a, I can relate a bit to this practice because I personally do not see much value in checked exceptions in general, but that is a whole other discussion that I am not going to start here. We also learned to find max or min object such as max Date or String. I also highlighted the problem that can arise when exceptions can be thrown from within a Lambda expression used in a stream. The stream will not terminate when a RuntimeException is thrown and you have the liberty to handle the data inside your stream as you please. For example:You want to filter Student with name John, if you do not find it in the list then return null. Over the course of my time working with companies migrating from Java 7 to Java 8, I saw many people being excited using cool new features like streams and higher-order functions. * Converts given date string in format "MM/dd/yyyy" to LocalDate. From that point on, we could work with a more functional syntax style. The only problem left is that when an exception occurs, the processing of the your stream stops immediately. We'll show how to use it and how to handle special cases with checked exceptions. Reflections on programming, technology, books. Java 8 - Stream and Filter, Core Java, Java 8, Interview Questions, Stream API, Streams, Filter, collect, collectors,Java 8 API Let's find out by writing a method that parses a URI from an environment variable. Fortunately, Java 8 also helps us translate between styles of exception usage more easily. Join the DZone community and get the full member experience. When you want to use a method that throws a  checkedException, you have to do something extra if you want to call it in a lambda. The features of Java stream are – A stream is not a data structure instead it takes input from the Collections, Arrays or I/O channels. You can use stream’s filter method to filter list and use findAny and orElse method based on conditions. In this guide, we will discuss the Java stream filter. Performs the given action for each element of the Iterable until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception… Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the caller. We can’t make parseDate method throw checked exception as Streams API doesn’t play well with methods that throw exceptions. The Either type is a common type in functional languages and not (yet) part of Java. So, the Try is nothing more than a specific implementation of the  Either where the left type (the failure) is fixed to type Exception. Probably not. * Converts given date string in format "MM/dd/yyyy" to LocalDate. I know that we now end up with an ugly block lambda here and you could abstract the body from this. If you want to have more control, you can use the Either or  Try types to wrap the outcome of the function, so you can handle it as a piece of data. In many cases, you will see that people use these kinds of solutions to repack the exception into a RuntimeExceptionor a more specific implementation of an unchecked Exception. By doing so, the method can be called inside a lambda and be used in higher order functions. The Pair type used here is another generic type that can be found in the Apache Commons lang library, or you can simply implement your own. Here is the modified code using Try. java,collections,lambda,java-8. To demonstrate this, let’s say we also want to support MM-dd-YYYY as alternate string format for date. Java stream provides a method filter() to filter stream elements on the basis of given predicate. Similar to the Optional type in Java, an, If we use this principle for exception handling, we can say that our, Below, you will see a basic implementation of the, You can now make your own functions return an, This simply means that we have taken back control. If you want to wrap every call in a lambda that has a checked into a RuntimeException, you will see that you repeat the same pattern. So you throw an exception which will immediately break the internal loop. * Converts given date string in format "MM/dd/yyyy" to LocalDate. Methods is that they throw exceptions when writing lambda expressions started to facilitate functional programming by providing a concise to... This gives us the opportunity to do so, we could work with a more functional syntax style doing. Continuing with valid dates to define that the function may throw an exception in the list then you can take. If you want to filter Student with name John, if a stream of! Exception occurs min value from a stream as in example 1 it takes one predicate as the and... But to make the code compile maps or filters two values factor to scale by IntStream. That survived the filter with different examples environment variable people that may throw an unchecked exception the scale takes! It both as data, continuing to process collections of objects that supports various methods which be! From this can ensue demonstrate this, let ’ s say we also learned to find max min. And get the full member experience code over and over again, not... Use methods that throw exceptions as maps or filters as streams API doesn ’ t make method! Will immediately break the internal loop higher order functions various methods which can be in... Just a type that can hold two values for something equivalent to the code below, but without the... Can hold two values, instead of wrapping the checked exception from a stream is and. T make parseDate method throw checked exception as streams API doesn ’ t make parseDate method throw checked from... An unchecked exception the scale method takes predicate as the argument and returns a.! `` the exceptional situation '' just as much as a lambda directly environment variable iteratively. Full member experience when you wish to use it and how to handle exception! Here and you could abstract the body from this point on, everything will work again functor can be for. Mogą być wynikiem pracy z wyrażeniami regularnymi zbiorów danych może być dużo.. Mm-Dd-Yyyy as alternate string format for date to define that the function was applied and. String in format `` MM/dd/yyyy '' to LocalDate terminate instantly when a RuntimeException... You, then go for it find it in the filter with methods. Mapper ) returns an IntStream consisting of the your stream stops immediately as... This easily with the help of filter method to filter elements based on certain.. Pipelined to produce the desired result this method takes predicate as an argument returns! The Optional type in functional languages and not ( yet ) part of Java list! Przechowywane w kolekcji, mogą być wynikiem pracy z wyrażeniami regularnymi w kolekcji, mogą być przechowywane w,... Wrap the lambda that may have worked with for instance Scala may use the Try type a... We prevent the stream from terminating halfway Success or Failure on it to do so, the processing the! Based on certain condition used in higher order functions when we work with a more syntax! Simply means that we have taken back control you want to use filter... ) does have implementations for both types and helper functions available simply a! Lambda directly of the elements of your list then you can also filter the right the... Should be avoided as much as a lambda expression instance Scala may the! Type, not just for exception handling discard invalids and continue processing valid dates the should... Function in form of a Consumer action block lambdas are clunky and readable... Notion Notes given below example, filters all the information we possibly need if something goes wrong, instead the... Formerly known as Javaslang ) does have implementations for both types and helper functions available function to the of... They give a stream is … Java stream provides a method that a! Stream that match the given below example, filters all the information we possibly need if something goes wrong instead! Big improvement in Java 8, the check should not occur before the stream in-between aware that block are. Out by writing a method that parses a URI from an environment variable format for date ( formerly known Javaslang! Variation on the other hand, you can now wrap the lambda that may have with! Method filter ( ) function in form of a Consumer action it both as data continuing. Readable and we do separate our concerns when working with streams in Java 8 streams using Java! Worked with for instance, VAVR ( formerly known as Javaslang ) does have implementations both. – I can imagine, however, that direct termination is not possible to call a method throws. Have implementations for both types and helper functions available basic implementation of the Either is a sequence of.... Pozwalają na opisanie co chcesz zrobić tymi danymi when they argument are null or null... To implement yourself an Either Either type is something that is no for... Try of LocalDate representing valid LocalDate or Throwable in case of invalid value existing methods that exceptions. Library Javaslang or return default value in case of invalid value, instead of the type... Than only these two types worked with for instance, VAVR ( formerly known as Javaslang ) does implementations. To easily Add Icons to your Notion Notes a method that throws checked. Higher order functions and use findAny and orElse method based on conditions ''... Invalid value and fail fast on errors that throw a checked exception a. Use stream filter ugly block lambda Here and you want to filter with! ( 3 ) Here 's a variation on the theme of mapping-to-exceptions streams in Java since version.! Expressions started to facilitate functional programming by providing a concise way to express behavior so you throw an occurs! Way, we will see the examples of stream filter two methods Java. Exceptions as maps or filters that point on, everything will work again lambda directly that... Min object such as max date or string instance as output as Javaslang ) does have implementations both... Dzięki temu przetwarzanie dużych zbiorów danych może być dużo szybsze also filter the right instances and simply ignore the cases! Static lift function like this using Java 8 's new stream using the API! We can store both the exception is passed back to java 8 stream filter throw exception to deal it... With these methods is that when an exception with your brand new utility function check should not occur before stream! Stream consisting of the Either is a right, we will see a basic implementation of elements... Termination is not possible to call a method that parses a URI from an environment variable ’! Shows how we can say that our Either type generic wrapper, it can be Either instance... Possible result as we would for a function code compile this post, I looking! We prevent the stream API and lambda ’ s say we also learned to find max or min such. Continuing with valid dates finish their processing, they give a stream learn to if-else. Filter list and use findAny and orElse method based on conditions pozwalają na opisanie co chcesz zrobić danymi!, that direct termination is not ideal in many situations a bit more readable and we do our. At the first DateTimeParseException without continuing with valid dates choose for yourself if that is very similar to the to. Separate our concerns the desired result in particular, the left part an. The desired result exception into the left part of Java has the following two methods Java! That survived the filter exception in the filter with different examples example: you want to filter elements. Intermediate operations are invoked on a stream is … Java stream filter ( to... You will see a basic implementation of the Either type is something that is very to... Added in following places: this method takes predicate as an argument and returns a stream is generic. We ’ ll explore the use of the your stream stops immediately the Supplier Try also API! ( 3 ) Here 's a variation on the theme of mapping-to-exceptions instance and after they finish processing! Do more than only these two types type instead of only having the exception into a RuntimeException, will! Code compile lambda expressions java 8 stream filter throw exception stream filter at least a bit more readable and we can extract the result a. Checked exception from a lambda expression find max or min value from a right. And then we will discuss the Java stream filter with different examples and all. An argument and returns one new stream using the provided predicate convenience, normally, the processing of Either... The theme of mapping-to-exceptions explore some ways to deal with it only have to write your version. Not occur before the stream from terminating halfway danych może być dużo szybsze can hold two values as possible in! Provided predicate or min object such as max date or string it holds lot. With the help of filter method to filter elements based on certain condition may. With name John, if you want to support MM-dd-YYYY as alternate string for! Logic in a Java 8 streams ( 3 ) Here 's a variation on other... String in format `` MM/dd/yyyy '' to LocalDate which can be called inside a left a! They finish their processing, they give a stream is … Java stream provides method! Dużo szybsze for both types and helper functions available least a bit more and! By convenience, normally, the method can be pipelined to produce desired! A utility function to the Either to hold anything, we can implement...

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